Novel optimisation methods, including those that include machine learning and human-in-the-loop methods which have the potential to deliver feasible and eicient designs of products, infrastructure, and operational strategies.

Potential for optimisation methods to make use of machine learning to learn and adapt to problem spaces whilst optimising the problem to form hyperheuristics.

Potential for human expert input to improve optimisation performance and to deliver feasible solutions to diicult problems. These methods have been applied to a range of problems in operational research including scheduling, routing, and transportation planning and in engineering domains such as water distribution network design and operation and leakage detection.

Other areas of AI including cellular automata simulation, AI and ethics, cognitive science and quantum optimisation.